Essay on The Character of Hamlet in William Shakespeares...

The Character of Hamlet in William Shakespeares Play Some critics have stated that the appeal of Hamlet to the audience is his many human weaknesses, the most notable being his indecision. His deliberations and procrastinations are particularly high-lighted when he is faced with the task of revenge. The law and Christianity, around the early seventeenth century, were clear in condemning personal revenge as an attempt by man to arrogate the prerogatives of God. Hamlet’s contradicting feelings toward avenging his father and avoiding breaking the law and going against Christianity were most likely felt by the Elizabethan audience also, which would have been made up of many Christians, namely,†¦show more content†¦That would be scann’d: A villain kills my father, and for that I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven.[3] In this scene, Hamlet discovers Claudius praying; shows a will to perform his task of revenge, and yet he is unable to go through with it. Hamlet enters to find Claudius with his back to Hamlet. Tension is created within the audience, as the scene is portrayed as if the king is preparing for his execution, on his knees, praying, although he is unaware Hamlet is behind him with his sword drawn. It is the perfect opportunity, yet Hamlet deliberates. The scene results in an anti-climax, with Shakespeare creating drama with his ‘will he, won’t he’ tactic with regards to Hamlet. I believe this is a prominent example of Hamlet’s inability to take action. Hamlet never receives any indication from Claudius that he regrets the death of Hamlet’s father, and by killing him, would send him to heaven. I think it most likely that Hamlet creates his own doubts, or excuses, as to delay with the revenge of his father. It could also be possible that Hamlet is fearful of the consequences of his act of vengeance. In ‘Antonio’s revenge’ and ‘The revenger’s tragedy’, the criminal is also the ruler. As was with these, the protagonist may be merely afraid of the consequences of treason. The firstShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Longing For Revenge1304 Words   |  6 PagesRevenge William Shakespeare was born in England in April of 1564 and was an English poet and playwright . Shakespeare is universally known as the greatest writer in the English language. Shakespeare frequently produced tragedies that are continuously acted out today, along with many plays and sonnets.. Although Shakespeare is seen today as a great writer who changed the world, his reputation did not rise to these heights until around the 19th century. In all of Shakespeare’s astounding plays, HamletRead More Revenge and Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - Why Revenge?1054 Words   |  5 PagesRevenge in Hamlet        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Elizabethan times, a type of play known as a revenge tragedy became popular. These plays revolved around, ... the revenge of a father for a son or vice versa, the revenge being directed by the ghost of the murdered man... (Harmon and Holman #6). Other characteristics include real or pretend insanity, philosophic soliloquies, hesitation on the part of the protagonist, conspiracy, and the use of horror. William Shakespeares Hamlet fully satisfies each of theseRead MoreWomen s Tragedy : Hamlet And King Lear1185 Words   |  5 PagesAnderson Dr. Pitchford ENGL 4037 24 November 2015 Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies: Hamlet and King Lear While William Shakespeare’s Tragedies are well known for their violence, tragic heroes, and fatal flaws, the method in which Shakespeare portrays his female characters in a negative light is seldom expressed. The women of Shakespeare’s Tragedies are represented unfavorably, no matter if they are virtuous or evil. â€Å"Shakespeare’s plays are not lacking in women with positive human qualities, andRead MoreEssay about Greek Tragedy Exemplified in Shakespeares Hamlet1191 Words   |  5 PagesGreek Tragedy Exemplified in Shakespeares Hamlet For several thousands of years, drama has existed among mankind. The ancient Greeks are accredited with the creation of drama, which began as simple religious rituals and eventually evolved into the more complex forms of tragedies and comedies. The first rules of drama, not surprisingly, were also written by a Greek--the famous philosopher and intellectual, Aristotle. Aristotle took note of the what qualities created a successful dramatic pieceRead MoreHamlet: Mel Gibson vs Kenneth Branagh Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet, a tragedy by William Shakespeare shows a lot of adaptations to movies. Hamlet by Mel Gibson (1990) and Kenneth Branagh (1996) interpret and portray the play by Shakespeare in different ways. The two film versions of Act IV of Hamlet have many differences and similarities. Kenneth Branagh’s version of Hamlet is seen covering most of the original text of Shakespeare’s play of Hamlet unlike the Mel Gibson version which omits many scenes and dialogu es. The film version of Hamlet featuring KennethRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreRevenge in Hamlet1070 Words   |  5 PagesAmongst the most tragic story lines of Shakespeare’s plays, Hamlet is definitely one of them. In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Fortinbras, Hamlet and Laertes each demonstrate the ways revenge leads to tragedy when they are unable to cope with the loss of a loved one. Young Fortinbras has intentions of honoring his father’s loss by gaining the territory that was rightfully theirs. The lengths he is willing to go compare to Hamlet’s determination to seek revenge upon his uncle, and father’s murdererRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1733 Words   |  7 Pagesto the author of the works currently credited to William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon. Shakespeare is undoubtedly one of the most famous writers of all time. He created masterpieces like Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and several more. For a long period of time, William Shakes peare from Stratford-upon-Avon was considered the author of all the works credited to Shakespeare. For over a century people have questioned whether or not William Shakespeare actually authored the works credited toRead MorePresentation of Hamlet in Act 2 Scene 2 and 3 in William Shakespeares Hamlet663 Words   |  3 PagesPresentation of Hamlet in Act 2 Scene 2 and 3 in William Shakespeares Hamlet It is hard to determine the intentions of William Shakespeare when he wrote Hamlet without looking at the social, historical and ethical context in which it was conceived. From the cover notes found within the Longman Literature edition, we can deduce that it is Shakespeares most well known play and, written during the year 1602, it was one of his later works. At this time, revenge was aRead MoreThe Plays of William Shakespeare681 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeare’s Plays William Shakespeare, a British playwright and poet, is born in 1564. The exact day is not known. Shakespeare is baptized on April 25, so they say his birthday is April 23, 1564 (Boyce, Shakespeare). As an infant, he survives the plague that kills tons of people living near him. He is the son of John and Mary Arden Shakespeare. â€Å"His father is a prosperous and prominent tradesman, bailiff, and alderman, who suffered a decline in fortune and prestige† (Burt, Shakespeare). His father

Essay on The Food of the Gods - 1133 Words

The Food of the Gods For over 2000 years, chocolate in its many forms has been enjoyed and its effects have been exalted. It was believed that the Mexican god Quetzalcoatl left the cocoa tree for the people. The Aztec emperor Montezuma is reported to have consumed 50 goblets of chocolate a day. It is called the food of the gods, literally, as a translation of Theobroma Cacao, the cacao bean. (1). Such a title must imply that chocolate has some naturally occurring superior quality. Why else would we crave it so much more than other foods? For many people, nothing can take the place of chocolate when a craving hits. Chocolate and cocoa have very complex chemical properties and many components. Among the most researched components†¦show more content†¦It is a tetrahydroisoquinoline, (TIQ), or alkaloid of dopamine found endogenous in mammalian brains, and also found in cocoa and chocolate. This research has claimed that salsolinol seems to be one of the main psychoactive compounds present in cocoa and chocolate and might be included in chocolate addiction. Similar compounds have the effect of inhibition of monoamine oxidase (a substance that reduces the amounts of norepinepherine acting on neurons), mirroring the effect of MAO inhibitors which are commonly used as antidepressants. Other effects reflect this general antidepressant influence on the brain. Interestingly, salsolinol was also found to bind with a relatively high affinity to D3 receptors, a subtype of dopamine receptor which is implicated in reward. This may be a factor in the rewarding properties which some people find chocola te to possess. Overall, this study suggested that chocolate may have the ability to psychopharmacologically induce craving and even addiction, especially in persons who are inclined to become addicted to other things. (5). Some research has found that chocolate has the capability to stimulate the production of the bodys endogenous opioids, or endorphins. Endorphins work on opioid receptors in the body, the same receptors on which morphine, heroin and other analgesics work, to cause relief from pain, create feelings of well being and even euphoria. Although scientists claim that one must eat many pounds of chocolateShow MoreRelatedChocolate, The Food Of The Gods1581 Words   |  7 Pages Chocolate, It’s been described as one of life’s â€Å"sinful little pleasures.† It s been proven that there are foods that people are passionate about, a passion that’s more than just love for food. For the true chocoholics like myself, just thinking about chocolate can evoke a pleasurable response. But could something that tastes so delicious actually be good and healthy for you? Over the years we have all heard many negative claims about chocolate, especially if you eat a lot like I do. ButRead MoreFood Of Gods : Cocoa Beans Essay1817 Words   |  8 PagesThe ingredient that will be talked about throughout the paper is cocoa beans. The cocoa bean is scientifically defined as the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of Theobroma cacao, also Latin for â€Å"food of gods† for its properties. Throughout history, cocoa beans have held a place in history and a big impact on both human diet and economy within the world. The aim of this paper is t o look at the origins of this ingredient, it’s uses in the world, how it has grown geographically throughout the yearsRead More Food in Mary Rowlandsons The Sovereignty and Goodness of God2289 Words   |  10 PagesFood in Mary Rowlandsons The Sovereignty and Goodness of God Food is a medium for life, a dynamic of life, and an expression of the whims, joys, terrors, and histories in life. Food, more than anything else, is life. - Anonymous Neither life nor culture can be sustained without food. On a very basic level, food is fundamentally essential for life, not simply to exist, but also to thrive. A means by which carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, nutrients, and calories are introducedRead MoreThe World Of Science : Genetically Modified Organisms1463 Words   |  6 Pagesmixing the DNA of organisms, science has created some foods whose ingredients are uncertain. The amazing creation that God has given to us to command and take care of has been altered and changed from what the Lord had made, which His Word says is perfect. Therefore, why should it be changed or modified? Generally raised in hatchery environments, GMO salmon, also known as AquAdvantage salmon, will pose a risk to other fish and their respective food chains when combined. AquAdvantage salmon are geneticallyRead MoreHarmful Effects of Dietary Supplements Taken in Excess1129 Words   |  5 Pagesminerals daily through the consumption of food may suffer from vitamin deficiency and may have a higher risk of getting sick, therefore the need for food supplements. Muslims can eat food that is considered according to Islamic law as pure, clean, wholesome, nourishing, and pleasing to the taste. They are enjoined by their own religion to abstain from eating certain foods in the interest of health and cleanliness and in obedience to God. Muslims cannot eat foods that are not ‘Halal.’ Akin to Jewish KosherRead MoreAncient Egypt : Religion And Religion1374 Words   |  6 Pagestogether and created understandings and shared values. Aspects of Egyptian life like law and art were connec ted with religion. Gods were represented with many things in nature like animals. Religion and life were very combined. 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Hospitality was shown from the very being of the story, and continuedRead MoreChristianity, Judaism, And Islam1567 Words   |  7 Pagesin a God or in many gods there is an important ethical question raised by their possible existence. Should we fulfill their role and play God; manipulate the genes of other creatures to make them better and make decisions for others under the premise that we know better than them. These are some of the questions that philosophers have argued for centuries. The famous Prussian/German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche believed we have a moral obligation to become God because we have â€Å"Killed God† as heRead MoreThe Origin Of Culture And The False Perception958 Words   |  4 Pagesperception it gives that is was created by God. Although culture religious traditions can have association with God, culture and religious traditions are not are not from God and can prevent people from doing what God wants Context Mark 7:1-8 begins with the Pharisees and the scribes coming from Jerusalem and meeting with Jesus. As they were gathered around Jesus, the pharisees and the scribes observed his disciples and questioned Jesus why they were eating food with hands that were unclean? Jesus respondsRead MoreEssay on There is More to Vikings than Violence992 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent gods. The stories they told are known as ?Norse Myths?. The majority of them are about competitions between the gods and giants. The god of thunder, Thor, who was also the most popular Viking god, wielded a mighty hammer called Mjà ¶Ãƒ ¶llnir (meaning the crusher or destroyer). Odin was the ?All-father? of all the gods and was extremely wise. He exchanged one of his eyes for wisdom. Other gods and goddesses included Loki (the trickster god), Freyja (goddess of love and beauty) and Frey (god of fertility

Management and Entrepreneurship Development Free Essays

National Institute for Small Industries Extension Training (NISIET) Training Institutions / Centres India National Institute of Small Industry Extension Training (nisiet) (An organisation of the Ministry of SSI, Govt. of India) Yousufguda, HYDERABAD- 500 045 (INDIA) Phone: +91-40-23608544-218 / 23608316-217 Fax: +91-40-23608547 / 23608956 / 23541260 Cable: SIETINSTITUTE, Hyderabad Website: www. nisiet. We will write a custom essay sample on Management and Entrepreneurship Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now org | www. nisiet. gov. in | www. nisiet. com Welcome to ni-msme Golden Jubilee Year 2012 50 Years in Service of MSME (1962- 2012) Shri Vayalar Ravi Honorable Minister i-msme, since its inception in 1960 by the Government of India, has taken gigantic strides to become the premier institution for the promotion, development and modernization of the SME sector. An autonomous arm of the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), the Institute strives to achieve its avowed objectives through a gamut of operations ranging from training, consultancy, research and education, to extension and information services. A Centre of Excellence It was in 1984 that the UNIDO had recognized SIET as an institute of meritorious performance under its Centres of Excellence Scheme to extend aid. Subsequently, it was also accorded national status and SIET Institute became nisiet in the same year. To cope with the precut of globalization, the Government of India has enacted Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Bill in the Parliament which was commenced on 2nd October 2006. Accordingly, the institute also has emerged as an apex organisation by changing its structure as well as name as ni-msme from 11th April 2007. Our Charter The primary objective was to be the trainer of trainers. Today, with the technological development and ever-changing market scenario, our involvement has undergone changes too. From being merely trainers we have widened our scope of activities to consultancy, research, extension and information services. The arrival of IT has only broadened our horizons. The Leap Forward †¢ Dramatic increase in long-term and diploma programmes. †¢Turning new corners in Information Technology. †¢Spotlighting of topical issues through conferences, seminars, etc. †¢Greater attention to need based programmes. †¢Shift towards client driven approach and innovative interventions. †¢Programme evaluation. †¢Emphasis on research publications. SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management, Extension) Journal SEDME Journal breathed its first in 1974, when the academic community of the institute felt the need for a forum through which they could express and exchange their thoughts and opinions on small enterprise related policies, programmes, etc. Since then, it has evolved into a healthy journal of acknowledged quality in the domain of small enterprise, attracting contributors and users not only from every corner of the country but also from other developing as well as developed countries. SEDME Journal has been bringing out exclusive theme focussed numbers (IPR, EDP, Rural Industrialisation, Finance, etc. ) and is widely sought after by researchers, practitioners and promotional bodies concerned with small enterprise one way or the other. The editorial team of Journal take pride in stating that during the massive quarter century of the Journal’s existence, it has been a sui generis journal dedicated to small enterprise, and continues to maintain that premier position. The annual inland subscription for Journal is Rs. 600 and the overseas subscription is US $ 150. In case of desiring airmail or speed post delivery, US $ 20 may be added. For further information regarding Journal, please contact: Editor SEDME Journal, ni-msme. Yousufguda. Hyderabad 500045, India. Editor : V Vishwas Rao Annual subscription : Rs. 600 (India), US $ 150 (Foreign) Contributors Contributors to SEDME Journal include policy makers, researchers, academicians, financiers, executives and other officials associated with MSME promotional activities. A random selection from the back volumes would show contributors from countries as far apart as Bangladessh, Canada, Korea, UK and Iran. Contributors interested in publishing their articles in SEDME Journal may please note the following 1. Please ensure that the articles are analytically perceptive or empirically elucidative, at least 2000 words in length, typed in double space on one side only, and are sent in duplicate. 2. In cases where the article is sent in a floppy disk or through e-mail, please ensure that the article comes through as a file attachment in Microsoft Word, that the file name(s) are given for all parts of the article, and one hard copy is sent through regular mail. . Please check that the sources are clearly cited for all the ideas, concepts, graphics and other information, and that the citations are complete in all respects. This helps avoid processing delays. 4. Please enclose a declaration stating that the article is your original effort prepared for SEDME Journal and has not been published or pending publication in any other periodical/newspaper/magazine, etc. , signed by all the authors. 5. T he copyright of the selected articles shall rest with SEDME Journal. 6. Articles which are sent for theme specials, and not included therein, may be published later, in due course. Forging Ahead Over the years the Institute has gained immense experience and expertise in the areas of entrepreneurship development, technology, management, extension and information services. ni-msme’s inherent capacity to innovate together with its top-class infrastructure has enabled the institute to excel in its endeavours towards micro and small enterprise promotion. From the time of inception, ni-msme has been providing unstintied support to small and medium ndustries and has evolved to be the best in offering services like research, consultancy, information, training and extension to not only enterprises but also to concerned development agencies. The knowledge driven and volatile economy of the present days is posing greater challenges to MSMEs. Further, globalisation is threatening the survival of MSMEs in the face of tough competition. ni-msme has always been conceiving specialised need-based programmes, workshops and seminars in tune with the changing policy and economic situation. These activities have been primarily aimed at the industry and supporting systems so as to enable them to deal with aspects that directly or indirectly affect the success of enterprise. In the present era of globalisation, ni-msme’s programmes are designed to have universal relevance. Through these specialised programmes, ni-msmehas been successfully training the entrepreneurs to face challenges; help them cope with competition; and gain the much-needed competitive edge in the global scenario. ni-msme has broken geographical barriers by extending its expertise and services to other developing and developed nations. i-msme has had profitable interface with several international agencies like CFTC (Commonwealth Fund for Technical Co-operation), UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation), UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), Ford Foundation, GTZ of Germany, USAID (United States Agency for International Development), and ILO (International Lab our Organisation), to name a few. Achievements Spectrum †¢Conducted a Pioneering Research Study in Achievement Motivation in association with Prof. David McClelland’s Kakinada Experiment (1964). Organised the First Executive Laboratory in India (1964) . †¢Conducted the First International Training Programme in SME Development (1967). †¢Developed the Concept of Appropriate Technologies in Indian Industry (1969). †¢Established a Specialised Information Centre, the Small Enterprises National Documentation Centre (SENDOC) (1971). †¢Assisted The Tanzanian Government in Establishing a SIDO (1974). †¢Established a Branch Regional Centre at Guwahati (1979). †¢Attained National Status and Renamed as National Institute of Small Industry Extension Training (nisiet) (1984). Prepared Case Studies and Video Documentaries on ST Entreprenuers (1986). †¢Developed The First Computerised Software Package on Simulation Exercises for Small Industry Manageme nt (SIMSIM) (1987); Project Appraisal and Evaluation (CAPE) (1996). †¢UNESCO Chair (1997). †¢Achieved Self – sufficiency (2001-02). †¢B2B Transactions with Uganda, Namibia, South Africa, Bhutan, Nigeria, Sudan, Cameroon and Ghana (2000 – 2007). †¢National workshop on MSME Cluster Development conducted in New Delhi (2008). †¢International Programmes for Bank of Ghana (2006-08); All-time record of 28 international Executive Development Programmes, 5 of them specially for African countries (2007-08) †¢Outreach programme for African women executives as a fore-runner to India-Africa Forum Summit (2008) †¢International Programmes for Bangladesh Small Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) (2008-09) Organisation Spectrum Functional Spectrum Pioneer Training Programmes ni-msme has initiated several specialised and tailor-made training programmes, the first of their kind in the cream of MSME. A few of them are †¢Management Development Pr ogrammes. †¢Programme on Area Development. †¢Programme on Feasibility Survey and Analysis. Programme on Industrial Estates. †¢Programme for Young Engineers and Technocrats. †¢Vertically Integrated Course on Orientation through Small Industry Development for IAS / IES Officers. †¢Effective Development Programmes for Rationalised Employees of State and Central PSUs. †¢Exclusive Programmes for International Executives of Various Themes on Regular Basis. †¢Enterprise Development and Government Effectiveness (EDGE) Programme for Srilankan Administrative Officials. †¢Sensitivity Training in Production Planning and Control. †¢Faculty Development Programmes. †¢Programmes on Cluster Development. †¢Programmes on Cluster Development. Programmes on Focused Themes for Executives of North E Outstanding Research and Consultancy Studies ni-msme has been instrumental in conducting several outstanding research / consultancy studies that include. †¢Development of Pochampad Region (1972). †¢Identification of Growth Centres in Vidharbha Region (1973). †¢Industrial Potential Studies of Different Regions in the Country (since 1974). †¢Impact / Evaluation Studies on Major Government Programmes and Schemes such as TYRSEM, DWCRA, PMRY, SEEUY, CMEY, ADARANA, IIDs, SHGs, WDCs, Development Commissioner (Handlooms), Development Commissioner (Handicrafts), and NBCFDC. Policy Research Studies (since 1978). †¢Preparation of Check-list for Diagnosis of Sick Units and Case Studies (from 1981). †¢District Development and Regional Planning Studies. †¢Techno-economic Feasibility Studies in Textiles and Handicrafts Sector of Arunachal Pradesh (2001). †¢Study on Identification of Projects for Specific Resource Base in Northeastern Region (2003). †¢Vision Document for Empowering Women in Mauritius (2003). †¢Project Profiles on SMEs for Mauritius (2004). †¢Information Requirements of SMEs (200 5). †¢Hand-holding, Monitoring, Implementation of MSME Clusters (2004-07). Hand-holding of SFURTI, Handlooms, Handicrafts Clusters (2006 onwards). †¢Evaluation Study of Ongoing Schemes of NBCFDC in the State of Tamilnadu (2008) †¢Evaluation of NBCFDC Schemes in the Union Territory of Puducherry, Goa and Kerala (2009-10) †¢Evaluation of the Functioning of Innovative and Experimental Programmes on Schools run by Bhagavatula Charitable Trust (BCT) under Rajiv Vidhya Mission, Andhra Pradesh in Visakhapatnam District (2009-10) †¢Evaluation Study for Bringing More Effectiveness in Implementation of the Schemes under AHVY sponsored by the Office of Development Commissioner (Handicrafts), Ministry of Textiles, Govt. f India, New Delhi (2009-10) †¢Preparation of Training Modules for Ministry of Housing Urban Poverty Alleviation, Govt. of India (2009-10) †¢Execution of Research Studies Sponsored by the Ministry of Housing Urban Poverty Alleviation, Govt. o f India (2009-10) Excellence Our Forte ni-msme has made many memorable contributions to enterprise development both nationally and internationally. MSMEs and executives from all over the world have been taking the advantage of the programmes, workshops and seminars on contemporary themes organised at ni-msme. Some of the Institutes cornerstone interventions like the first international programme (1967) conducted with assistance from UNIDO; Simulation Exercises for Small Industry Management (SIMSIM) (1987); the UNESCO Chair(1997) International Workshop in Promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises (PROSME) (1998); Export Production Villages (1999); Trade Related Development Programme for Women (TREAD) (2000); Entrepreneurship Development in the New Millennium (2001); Training of Mothers of Child Labour in Income Generation Skills Under Child Labour Eradication Project by ILO (2001); B2B Transactions with Uganda, Namibia, South Africa, Bhutan, Nigeria , Sudan, Ghana, reflect the national and international acclaim. nimsme has gained through its excellence and commitment, by blending the best of the traditional with the smart, modern day techniques, world-class facilities and continuously exploring and inventing custom-based methodologies. ni-msme is not a mere solutions provider but is evolvi ng as a value-added partner. The infrastructure and facilities at the ni-msme campus are at par with international standards. They reflect the natural excellence that qualifies every activity and attribute of the Institute. ni-msme has embraced technology in all its functions to keep pace with the tenor of the times and to make its services more efficient. State-of-the-art facilities, pleasant environs, proven methodologies supported by modern academic infrastructure, experienced faculty, expert consultants and resource persons and above all, decades of experience complemented by a modern and creative outlook, have given a new definition to the standard of services provided by the Institute. It is now recognised as being among the best training, research and extension facilities in the world. Members of Governing Council S. No. Name and Address Hon’ble Minister of MSME Government of India Udyog Bhavan, New Delhi 110 011Chairman 2Secretary to the Government of India Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Government of India Udyog Bhavan, New Delhi 110 011Vice-Chairman 3Additional Secretary D evelopment Commissioner (MSME) Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Government of India, Nirman Bhavan, Moulana Azad Road, New Delhi 110 011Member 4Additional Secretary Financial Adviser, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Government of India Udyog Bhavan, New Delhi 110 011Member 5Joint Secretary (Administration) Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Government of India Udyog Bhavan, New Delhi 110 011Member 6Joint Secretary (Agro Rural Industries) Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Government of India Udyog Bhavan, New Delhi 110 011Member 7Chairman, Coir Board Coir House, M. G. Road Ernakulam, Kochi – 682 016, KeralaMember 8Chairman Managing Director Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) SIDBI Tower, 15, Ashok Marg, Lucknow – 226001Member 9Chief Executive Officer Khadi Village Industries Commission Gramodaya, 3, Irla Road, Vile Parle (West) Mumbai 400 056Member 10Chairman and Managing Director The National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) NSIC Bhawan, Okhla Industrial Estate New Delhi – 110 020Member 1Director Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (Via Ahmedabad Airport Indira Bridge) P. O. Bhat 382 428, Dist. Gandhinagar, GujaratMember 12The Director General In-chargeNational Institute of Micro, small and Medium Enterprises (ni-msme) Yousufguda, Hyderabad – 500 045Member-Secreta ry Members of Executive Committee S. No. Name and Address 1Secretary to the Government of IndiaMinistry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Government of India Udyog Bhavan, New Delhi 110 011Chairman 2Additional Secretary Development Commissioner (MSME)Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Government of India Nirman Bhavan, Moulana Azad Road New Delhi 110 011Vice-Chairman 3Additional Secretary Financial AdviserMinistry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Government of India Udyog Bhavan, New Delhi 110 011Member 4Joint Secretary to the Government of IndiaMinistry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Government of India Udyog Bhavan, New Delhi 110 011Member 5Joint Secretary (Agro Rural Industries)Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Government of India Udyog Bhavan, New Delhi 110 011Member 6The Director General In-charge National Institute of Micro, small and Medium Enterprises (ni-msme) Yousufguda, Hyderabad – 500 045Member-Secretary Our Clientele International Organizations UNESCO †¢UNDP †¢Ford Foundation †¢GTZ †¢USAID †¢UNIDO †¢ILO †¢RITES †¢BSIC †¢CFTC †¢Agricultural Development Projects of Nigera †¢SIDO of Tanzania †¢Bank of Ghana, ARB Apex Central Government Ministries/ Departments Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises â₠¬ ¢DC (MSME) †¢KVIC †¢Coir Board †¢NSIC Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises †¢Department of Public Enterprises Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region †¢DONER †¢North Eastern Council †¢North East Development Finance Corporation †¢North East Handicrafts and Handlooms Development Corporation Ministry of Food Processing Industries Ministry of External Affairs Ministry of Finance Department of Economic Affairs Ministry of Labour and Employment †¢Directorate General of Employment Training (DGET) Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions †¢Department of Personnel and Training Ministry of Science and Technology †¢Department of Science and Technology †¢Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) †¢National ST Entrepreneurship Development Board Ministry of Textiles †¢DC (Handlooms) †¢DC (Handicrafts) Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation †¢Jawaharlal Ne hru National Urban Renewal Mission †¢Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana(SJSRY) Ministry of Rural Development †¢Department of Rural Development DRDA/ZPs Ministry of Defence †¢Directorate General of Quality Assurance †¢Directorate of Planning and Coordination †¢Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment †¢National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation (NBCFDC) †¢National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSCFDC) Ministry of Women and Child Development †¢Department of Women and Child Development Ministry of Commerce and Industry †¢Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion †¢Department of Commerce †¢Directorate General of Foreign Trade Ministry of Planning †¢Planning Commission Ministry of Environment Forests †¢Ozone cell Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation †¢MPLAD School of Enterprise Development (SED) It is one of the former scholastic/intellectual departments of ni-msme, continued with additional responsibilities in the globalised market environment. MSME development generally refers to facilitating progress in the economy and generation of employment by enhancing business development services, and establishing a conducive legal, regulatory and policy environment. In this context, the School of Enterprise Development [SED] acts as a catalyst for dynamic, integrated change in Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) sector, looking strategically and optimistically towards the future challenges. The activities of the SED include programme evaluation studies, research projects, feasibility studies, potential surveys, rural enterprise promotion, backward area development, infrastructure development programme and project implementation for central and state governments, that advances an innovative and enterprise growth in the global and national scenario. On the international front, the SED provides a bridge between theory and practice of small business and MSE development by guiding/training the executives of MSME in formulation, development, implementation and evaluation of various facets of enterprise policy, with a focus to make the MSE sector more competitive in the global economic scene. Besides imparting training to the officials, the experienced and well-known faculty of the school focus on economic surveys in the nature of diagnosing the industrial potential, networking with national and international agencies, and other research studies pertaining to government programmes /schemes and impact studies. The School of Enterprise Development functions through Centre for Enterprise Planning and Development (C-EPD), Centre for Policy Research (C-PR), National Resource Centre for Cluster Development (NRCD), ni-msme NGO Network (N-Cube) and Economic Investigation and Statistical Cell (EISC) in the areas of Cluster development, Employment Generation, and establishing synergy with related departments, which of late became the centres of excellence through focused attention for holistic development. School of Entrepreneurship and Extension (SEE) The school of Entrepreneurship and Extension is one of the crucial and premier wings of ni-msme. The main focus of the school is on training the Industrial Promotion Officers and Extension Officers on the entire gamut of entrepreneurship development. The greatest achievement of the school is the world famous Kakinada Experiment on Achievement Motivation conducted under the guidance of Prof. McClelland from Harvard University. The school also has the credit of developing SIET Integrated Model on entrepreneurship development which was used to train thousands of potential entrepreneurs from almost all states of India. Another noted achievement of the school is sensitivity training (laboratory for executive development. ) Currently the school activities include training of trainers in entrepreneurship development, curriculum development, skill development programmes, women entrepreneurship, counseling, motivating and retraining the voluntarily retired employees of State and Central PSUs and research projects. At the international level, the school takes up consultancy projects on setting up Entrepreneurship Development Institutes. It also organizes programmes on training Methods and Skills for Managers, Empowerment of Women through Enterprises and Capacity Building programmes for NGOs and Government personnel. Besides imparting training on Entrepreneurship Development, the school acts as a nodal agency in implementing Rajiv Gandhi Udhyami Mitra Yojana (RGUMY) scheme of the Ministry of MSME for providing handholding support to prospective entrepreneurs. Core Competencies †¢Entrepreneurship Development †¢Training of trainers in Entrepreneurship Development †¢Curriculum Development †¢Training Techniques †¢Women Empowerment †¢Retraining and Rehabilitation of VR employees †¢Evaluation of Government Programmes and Schemes on Entrepreneurship Development School of Enterprise Management (SEM) Genesis This is a well-established academic organ of ni-msme. There is a spate of changes sweeping the enterprises across the globe. The economic reforms within the country with the attendant consequences, ever increasing competition, both global and local, fast pace of technological changes and a host of other factors necessitate revolutionary reforms in the enterprise management practices. The practices clearly have to be cost-effective as well as simpler to adopt and adapt with the power to impinge all segments of the enterprise. This calls for a paradigm shift in raison d’etre of the enterprise itself. In tune with this, the erstwhile Industrial Management Division is re-engineered and re-christened as School of Enterprise Management (SEM) laying emphasis on management practices, intellectual property rights and management education. Core Competencies The School is endowed with capabilities in the following areas and delivers through the instruments of training and consultancy, many a time customised to meet the requirements of client organisation, actively supported by research. The School functions with its full-fledged five centres viz. , Centre for Promotion of Advanced Management Practices (C-PAMP), Centre for Logistics Integrated Materials Systems (C-LAIMS), Centre for Industrial Credit and Financial Services (C-ICFS) and Centre for Intellectual Property Rights (C-IPR) and Centre for Environment Concerns (C-Eco). Marketing †¢market survey and demand analysis †¢exports, international trade and practices †¢industrial marketing †¢rural marketing †¢marketing of agri-inputs Management Training Methodologies †¢role play †¢small group activities †¢in-plant studies †¢management cases †¢management simulations and games Productivity and Quality †¢ management of productivity †¢total quality management †¢Statistical quality control †¢ISO 9000/14000 †¢OHSAS †¢HACCP / Six Sigma Finance †¢human resource management †¢industrial relations †¢human resources and systems †¢ISO 9000/14000 †¢OHSAS †¢HACCP / Six Sigma Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) †¢IP creation, commercialisation management General Management †¢Benchmarking †¢Business Process Re-engineering †¢Japanese Management Practices †¢Performance contracts †¢Strategic management Clientele The clientele include both government and non-governmental organisations such as: †¢Corporate sector: PSUs and Private sector enterprises †¢Entrepreneurs and owner-managers of SMEs †¢Officials from ministries and departments of both central and state governments †¢Banks and financial institutions †¢Enterprise support agencies including VOs †¢International agencies In addition, student focused part-time post-graduate diploma programmes in areas like export management, TQM and ISO 9000 and human resource management and systems are conducted. This endeavour also serves the cause of continuing executive education. Co-working and Collaborations TSEM works synergistically with other centres of the institute to design and deliver value-laden content to the customers. It also networks with other national and international institutions of good standing through collaborations to administer cost-effective, client-centred performance improvement capsules. The School also leverages the expertise available within different sectors of the economy to service sector-specific clients. Vision The School’s vision is to emerge and establish itself as a sui generis seat of learning in advanced management practices that enable promotion of performing enterprises. Mission The School envisages realisation of the above vision through its mission of promotion and propagation of advanced management practices that are low in cost of implementation, but are highly effective in results and cover all the activities of the enterprise. This is accomplished through undertaking the triadic activities of training, research and consultancy, both within the country and outside. Thus its charter mandates it to work towards enabling practices that are: †¢Enterprise-wide †¢Low cost †¢High impact Compass of Services and Constellation of Benefits SEM offers a wide range of services in the form of training interventions, capacity building through management consultancy and other knowledge-based services through applied research. The tangible benefits, in addition to the many intangibles, that flows from our school are: †¢Productivity-driven cost leadership †¢Quality led competitiveness †¢Customer-coupled market share †¢Re-engineered organisational advantage Benchmark-based best practices School of Enterprise Information and Communication (SEIC) Genesis The School of Information and Communication (SEIC) is a well established unique knowledge hub of ni-msme in providing information services an d ICT solutions through training to both the national and international MSME community. To strengthen the informational base of MSMEs in facing the global challenges led to the formation of School of Enterprise Information and Communication (SEIC) laying emphasis on providing information services in varied forms and need based skill oriented Information Technology (IT) training using the latest technologies. Core competencies The school functions with its fully equipped sources of information and state-of-the-art infrastructure to meet the informational needs and ICT skill development training requirements of MSMEs, Government organisations, public and private sectors, NGOs, entrepreneurs, students, researchers etc. through its two Centres viz, Small Enterprises National Documentation Centre (SENDOC) and Centre for Communication and Information Technology (C-CIT). National WELCOME Presentation Director General, ni-msme Genesis Started as Central Industrial Extension Training Institute in New Delhi in 1960 on the recommendation of Working Group for III five year plan Shifted to Hyderabad in 1962 as a Government of India Society under the name Small Industry Extension Training (SIET) Institute Attainment of National Status in 1984 and renamed as National Institute of Small Industry Extension Training (nisiet) Emerged as a distinct institution for promotion of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Renamed as National Institute for Micro, Small Medium Enterprises (ni-msme) with enactment of MSMED Act,2006 Vision To become a global centre of excellence for creation, sustenance and growth of MSMEs Core Competency Enabling enterprise creation Capacity building for enterprise growth and sustainability Enhancing competitiveness under globalisation Creation, development and dissemination of enterprise knowledge Diagnostic and development studies for policy formulation Evaluation and impact studies for enterprise promotion Empowering the underprivileged through enterprises Functional Spectrum Schools of Excellence School of Enterprise Development (SED) C-IPD: Centre for Industrial Planning and Development C-PR: Centre for Policy Research NRCD: National Resource Centre for Cluster Development EISC: Economic Investigation and Statistical Cell n-Cube: ni-msme – NGO – Network School of Enterprise Management (SEM) C-PAMP: Centre for Promotion of Advanced Management Practices C-ICFS: Centre for Industrial Credit and Financial Services C-IPR: Centre for Intellectual Property Rights C-LAIMS: Centre for Logistics and Integrated Materials Systems C-ECO: Centre for Environment Concerns Schools of Excellence School of Entrepreneurship Extension (SEE) C-EIE: Centre for Entrepreneurship and Industrial Extension C-CC: Centre for Consultancy and Counseling WSC: Women’s Studies Cell EAC: Employee Assistance Cell School of Enterprise Information Communication (SEIC) C-CIT: Centre for Communication and Information Technology SENDOC: Small Enterprises National Documentation Centre LPC: Live Projects Cell Members of Governing Council Union Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Chairman Secretary to the Govt. of India, Ministry of MSME Vice-Chairman Additional Secretary and Development Commissioner (MSME), Ministry of MSME, GOI Member Additional Secretary and Financial Adviser, Ministry of MSME, GOI Member Joint Secretary, Ministry of MSME, GOI Member Joint Secretary, Ministry of MSME, GOI Member Chairman, Coir Board Member Chairman Managing Director, SIDBI Member Chief Executive Officer, Khadi Village Industries Commission (KVIC) Member Members of Governing Council Members of Governing Council Members of Executive Committee Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of MSME, GOI Chairman Additional Secretary and DC (MSME), Ministry of MSME, GOI Vice-Chairman Additional Secretary and Financial Adviser, Ministry of MSME, GOI Member Joint Secretary to GOI, Ministry of MSME Member Joint Secretary to GOI, Ministry of MSME Member Representative of a State level Association of micro and small enterprises Nominated Member Representative of an Association of micro and small women Entrepreneurs Nominated Member Representative of an academic or training institution dealing with management or entrepreneurship development Nominated Member Director General of the Institute Member-Secretary Major Achievements Pioneering study that led to First Entrepreneurship Model First Sensitivity Training Laboratory- Ford Foundation First International Programme on small industry in the country Programme for Young Engineers for the first time in the country Establishment of SENDOC – A National Information Centre for SMEs Partnership with UNIDO – Industrial Estate Regional Development Feasibility studies on modernisation of SSI First Study on identification of Growth Centres Major Achievements Establishing a Branch Regional Centre at Guwahati Assisting in policy implication for establishing District Industries Centers Attainment of National status and renaming as National Institute of Small Industry Extension Training (nisiet) Prepared Case Studies and Video Documentary on Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Orientation on Small Industry Development for IAS Officers The First Computerised Software Package Developed on Simulation Exercises for Small Industry Management (SIM SIM) Major Achievements UNESCO Chair on SSI Policy Enterprises Development and Government Effectiveness (EDGE) Programme for Srilankan Administrative Officials Refocusing Academic Centers in the place of departments B2B transactions with developing countries Counseling, Retraining and Redeployment programmes for rationalised employees of CPSUs Little Angles Project sponsored by International Labour Organisation (ILO) on eradication of child labours Establishment of a center on Cluster Development (NRCD) Major Achievements Enhancing faculty competencies through international training and studies Started educational programmes Organised National Conference : Entrepreneurship in the New Millennium Attained self-sufficiency – 2001-02 Upgradation of Infrastructure services Policy Research Studies on various aspects of SMEs Entered into MoUs with International Agencies All time high income of Rs. 1022. 76 lakh for the year 2006-07 Regrouping Centres Cells under concept of School Renaming nisiet as ni-msme with effect from 11 April 2007 Major Research and Consultancy Projects (2001-08) Identification of Product/Resource-specific Business in Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura Emergence of First Generation Women Entrepreneurs – An Exploratory Study Additional Income Opportunities to the Families of Child Labour – An ILO Project Study on Curriculum Models for Entrepreneurship Development under NEDB Scheme Diagnostic study of Crochet Lace Cluster at Narsapur, Andhra Pradesh Evaluation study of ongoing schemes of NBCFDC in Karnataka Evaluation of Micro Credit Schemes and Education Loan Schemes in Andhra Pradesh Major Research and Consultancy Projects (2001-08) Achieving self-sufficiency through ni-msme’s intervention for the societies of Girijan Cooperative Corporation Ltd. Andhra Pradesh Design of Project Profiles for SMEs in Mauritius for Small and Medium Industries Development Organisation (SMIDO), Mauritius Development of 20 clusters in the country sponsored by DC(MSME) Micro Enterprise Mapping of Self-Help Groups in districts of Rajasthan State Competency Mapping of Indian SMEs for Global Promotion under NEDB Study on Impact of Government Incentives and Subsidies on the Industrial Development in Andhra Pradesh Promotion of self-employment activities among the Tribal Youth Preparation of Business Plan for Handicraft Clusters Cont. Major Research and Consultancy Projects (2001-08 Integrated Handloom Cluster Development – Mubarakpur Integrated Handloom Cluster Development – Barabanki Evaluation Study of Schemes of Handloom Sector: Health Insurance Scheme Evaluation Study of Schemes of Handloom Sector: Integrated Handloom Training Project Evaluation Study of Schemes of Handloom Sector: 10% Rebate Scheme Study on Impact of Entrepreneurship Development Programmes Evaluation of EDI Scheme of Ministry of MSME Technical Services for Khadi and Village Industries Clusters Technical Services for Coir Clusters Hightlights:2001-08 Attained self-sufficiency (2001-02) Recognition of Employees Assistance Cell as Nodal Agency for training and rehabilitation of rationalized employees of Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs) (2002) Providing Income Opportunities for the families of Child Labour in Previous: E-Commerce and Bridging Digital Divide: Telecom, Infrastructure and Access Next: OECDlight 9714499671 How to cite Management and Entrepreneurship Development, Essay examples

Causes Of Global Warming Essay Example For Students

Causes Of Global Warming Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Effects of Global Warming3 Causes of Global Warming4 Facts about Global Warming5 Problems/Impacts6 Global Warming Solutions7 Conclusion Introduction Global warming  is a long-time rise in the average Earth temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate on our planet. It has been a natural phenomenon throughout the natural history of the globe though it has become a pressing problem in the last few hundred years due to the increase in human activities in greenhouse gasses and burning of fossil fuels. The most significant cause of this global warming  in our planet  since the mid-20th century has been due to the human influence. The most substantial human power that has been causing global warming  is fossil fuels  burning and the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. With time, the global surface temperatures are expected to rise in the 21st century depends on the rate of greenhouse gas emission and burning of fossil fuels. In the following argumentative essay  written in English,  you will get a free outline of ideas  that are persuasive for college students  to write an English article  on. Some of the key issues that you need to highlight in your persuasive essay  articles on  global warming  include; effects and cause, and its facts, implications solutions. Effects of Global Warming Global warming  is expected to have long-lasting and devastating consequences to the earth. Currently, ice has been melting worldwide, especially at the Earths  poles. The most affected areas are the mountain glaciers, ice sheet covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice. The sea levels have risen at a higher rate over the century especially in Australia causing a considerable decline of the Adeline penguins where the number has fallen from more than 32000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years due to unfavorable weather  conditions brought about by burning fossil fuels. Butterflies, foxes and alpine plants have changed their location to the further higher north where the temperatures are cold. Spruce bark beetles have increased immensely in places like Alaska where warm summer has been in existence for than 20 years destroying more than 4 million acres of spruce trees. Apart from the currently visible effects of global warming, there are also some expectations that are bound to happen in the earth  within the century if fossil fuels  burning will continue which include Sea levels are expected to increase between 7 and 23 inches, and the melting of the poles could rise between 10 to 20 centimeters comes the end of the century though it is not known whether it is a fact or a fiction. There has been a significant weight loss on polar bears because of the scarcity of ice and fish that the animals feed. The bears will be presumed as a thing of the past if the pattern of sea ice disappearing progresses. There will be an increase in diseases like malaria which is spread by mosquitos. Due to the ecosystem, some species will move to the farther north or still dies. There are expectations that by the year 2100 Perus Quelccaya ice cap will be a thing of the past if it continues to melt with the current speed. People will suffer from lack of water to drink and to generate electricity if the issue of global warming is not handled well. There will be an increase in droughts and floods in countries like Ethiopia where droughts are common with rain decreasing with 10 percent in the next 50 years. Causes of Global Warming Global warming  occurs when the synthesis  of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants and greenhouse gases collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight that has bounced off the earth  surface. The pollutants stay for years in the atmosphere trapping the heat and causing the Earth  to be hot. Water Transitions EssayThe climate change  consequences have put at risk a lot of different countries historical, and iconic sites. For example, Cape Canaveral, Cesar Chavez National monument in California, and Ellis island amongst others. Expensive Health Impacts Rising temperatures that lead to air pollution, allergies, insect-borne diseases, frequent and hazardous heat waves, heavy rainstorms that cause floods to contribute to serious health implications on people. The Risk of Electricity Supply Growing consequences of global warming like rising of sea levels, drought, water supply issues, wildfire risks, rises the evaluability of electricity infrastructure. Plants and Animals Range Shift A change in weather  and climate  affects the animals and plants range. Change of characters will be experienced causing disruptions on the food chains. The animals that rely on places with cool weather will suffer a reduction of habitats that can lead to their death or relocation to favorable areas. Global Warming Solutions Carbon dioxide is the  climates  worst enemy. Burning of coals, oil and other fossil fuels  that produce energy to power homes, cars, and other things that require electricity to function can be used less to minimize the emission of CO2 and effects of global warming. Some of the different problem solutions  measures that everyone around the earth  should implement and work on how to prevent  this catastrophe include; Reduce Water Wastage Saving water reduces carbon pollution since it takes massive energy to pump, boil and treat water. Its advisable to take short showers and turning off the water tap when not in use. Walk Instead of Using Automobiles Walking to your place of work and back home every morning or using public modes of transport reduces air pollution and money used on fuel through less driving. Invest in Energy-Efficient Appliances Energy efficiency is the lowest mode of reducing emissions. Always purchase machines and appliances that have energy star label since they will help in reduction of annual carbon pollution. Use of Renewable Energy in Homes Find a credible utility company that generates some of its power using wind or solar. Avoid Deforestation Using forest products like firewood and charcoal causes loss of trees. Trees clean the air since they act as natural filters removing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Conclusion Global warming  can be reduced in our planet  through people speaking about it to our leaders and make sure our representatives are making good policies and decisions on how to stop global warming. However, since human activities are the major contributor to global warming, it is recommendable to avoid certain events like burning fossil fuels  that will lead to the escalation of global climate change  effects on the earth.

Does Herodotus Offer Adequate Explanations for Colonisation in the Greek Archaic Period Essay Example

Does Herodotus Offer Adequate Explanations for Colonisation in the Greek Archaic Period Essay Does Herodotus offer adequate explanations for Greek colonisation in the archaic period? Herodotus gives all ancient historians invaluable insights into colonisation in the archaic period, despite having his well known limitations. We must overall regard his work ‘The Histories’ as an equal to archaeological evidence and Thucydides’ work when it comes to studying colonisation in this period. Before I begin this essay, however, I must first quickly define two crucial terms. The term ‘colonisation’ (as we mean it during the during the archaic period) has for some reason been debated at great length by ancient historians, who seem determined to remove it as far away from the imperial meaning of the word as possible. I don’t see why, as both have glaring similarities and only minute differences. They both involve one kind of people moving in significant numbers to a new place (where either a different kind of people or no people were present) and establishing their way of life in said location. The only real differences being the literal translation of the word in Greek meaning ‘home away from home’ or ‘trading place’ and the imperial meaning of the word leaning more towards the subjugation of the local inhabitants rather than the replacement of them (which was more common in archaic Greece). The second term is ‘Archaic Period’ which in this essay will be defined as the period from 800 to 478BC. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Herodotus Offer Adequate Explanations for Colonisation in the Greek Archaic Period specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Does Herodotus Offer Adequate Explanations for Colonisation in the Greek Archaic Period specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Does Herodotus Offer Adequate Explanations for Colonisation in the Greek Archaic Period specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To examine in detail Herodotus’ explanations for colonisation during this period I will examine to what extent he informs us on: land-hunger, trading considerations, drought[1]and I will also comment on his references to the Delphic oracle. I have picked these areas to judge Herodotus on, because they are the most regularly agreed upon reasons for colonisation occurring and therefore his comments on these areas have the potential to be most informative to us, as A. Graham eloquently sums up with ‘though a very large number of extant authors provide some piece of information relevant to the history of Greek colonisation only a few are of overriding influence†¦ their [Herodotus and Thucydides] importance lies in their relatively early date, although they belong to a period after the Archaic colonising movement, they are nearer to it than our other substantial sources’[2]. It is for this paramount reason that Herodotus’ comments on these subjects are so crucial to our study of colonisation. In scrutinizing Herodotus’ comments in this field I will look some of the examples that he uses, namely: Chalkedon, Sigeion, Egypt, Olbia and of course Cyrene. So through looking at the four main reasons for colonisation and cross-referencing it with the examples stated I will fully evaluate whether or not Herodotus is an adequate source to look to regarding the archaic colonisation period. It must also be mentioned at this point that ‘political factors’ would have also been a strong factor to consider, however, would take up the word count fully all by itself, so will be left for a another time. Land–hunger refers to one of the push factors that are widely believed to have caused many Greeks to leave their original homes in search of more land and in particular, more fertile land. We see this especially in the case of mainland Greece and the Peloponnese where there were less fertile plains and more arid and mountainous terrain Although Herodotus never explicitly tells us that this was a major cause for colonisation, we can infer from some of his writing that this would have been a factor. Herodotus enlightens us to the existence of a colony on the coast of the black seathat ‘have sanctuaries dedicated to the Greek gods and †¦ whose language is a mixture of Scythian and Greek’[3]. Now this alone does not specifically tell us that the Greeks moved to this area because it was particularly fertile or that their home region was lacking in enough land, but when you continue to read on and see that it was the Megarians who colonised Chalkedon[4] and Byzantium (located either side of the Bosphorus) then one can easily see the extent to which a Peloponnesian city-state would go to find new lands. This is a weak argument on its own, however, twinned with some basic knowledge of Antiquity it grows in strength. For instance anyone with knowledge of mainland Greek states will know that the Megarians were indeed very restricted with regards to land. They were squashed between the Peloponnesian League members such as Corinth, to the south, and Attica (ruled by Athens), to the north and east. The fact that they set up at least three colonies: Megara Hyblaea, Chalkedon and Byzantium, clearly indicates land-hunger, just as their geography would suggest. On top of this, anyone with a basic knowledge of antiquity would also be aware of the huge agricultural resources available around the black sea, proved by Athens’ later dependency on grain imports from this region during the Peloponnesian wars. The way in which Herodotus describes Cyrene as having a ‘hole in the sky’[5] (i. e. it rains more making the ground more fertile) can also be taken as a heavy hint as to why Cyrene was set up. My point being, when reading Herodotus, sometimes he must be used in conjunction with elementary knowledge to support or disprove points. In this case he has supported the idea that land-hunger was an adequate explanation for Greek colonisation though not explicitly telling us. One has to admit though that over the course of the whole work, Herodotus does fail to fully support this factor. Unless you are a primitivist, trading advantages had to be a substantial pull factor for your city to advocate colonisation. I will develop this argument assuming that the Greeks were an enterprising race because this is the argument that will prove to be entirely accepted in due course. The finest example of Herodotus explaining colonisation, in regards to trading motives, is his account of the settlement set up at the mouth of the River Nile called Naukratis. He declares ‘Naukratis was the only trading-station and there was no other in Egypt’[6] and goes on remark on the religious temples set up in honour of Zeus, Hera and Apollo naming Aeginetans, Samians and Milesians all present in the city. This was clearly a settlement set up with the aim of extending trade relations with the Egyptians for the benefit of Greeks. In a separate example though, one can again use basic knowledge of Hellenes in antiquity (the basic knowledge being that the Bosphorus was extremely important to trade even in archaic times) combined with Herodotus’ passage on Chalkedon[7] to see that control of the Bosphorus was important enough to trade that colonies were set up here on numerous occasions. Sigeion, just south of the Bosphorus and situated on the mouth of the river Strymon was (as Herodotus informs us) fought over furiously by Athens and Mytilene[8], again signifying the importance of trade to the foundation of colonies in the archaic period. So Herodotus then giving us comprehensive proof of trade being an adequate factor in the establishment of colonies in the archaic period. Dillon points to drought as one of the factors that lead directly to colonisation. No better example of this, in ancient literature, exists than the account of Cyrene’s foundation. For the next seven years, however, no rain fell on Thera, and all their trees, with a single exception, withered. ’[9] Now, following this short passage, we again encounter a common limitation of Herodotus, ‘The islanders consulted the oracle, and the Pythia reminding them that they were supposed to colonise Libya’[10]; that is his continuous permeation of oracles into most of his work. This is not to say that we can disregard ancient historians’ reference’s to all oracle’s all the time, but it is of my own opinion that we take much of Herodotus’ oracular reports with a pinch of salt. So although Herodotus may have been reported a tale of curses and prophecies regarding Thera’s drought, I would take his account and remedy a notion that what was most likely to have occurred was: that the Therans had some bad luck with the weather for a indeterminate period of time and as a result could not sustain the population they included†¦ so, decided to relieve pressure on the city by sending a portion of its population to a land where they could survive (or perhaps even sustain the original colony? . To clarify my earlier ‘pinch of salt’ phrase it moves me to use the words of M. Giangiulio expressing the idea that ‘cultural memory does not ‘reflect’ historical reality, even if it expresses a form of historical self-awareness’[11]. This is the sense in which I believe we should use Herodotus, using our modern sense of hindsight and sensibility to understand ‘historical reality’ more accurately. For further detail s on ‘intentional history’[12] see footnote. This is the most blatant example I have touched on so far of Herodotus supporting one of the five stated reasons for colonisation and therefore yet again going some way to adequately explaining Greek colonisation in the archaic period. The Delphic Oracle is central to the explaining of why many colonies are set up. Maurizio Giangiulio supports this line of argument by telling us ‘The decisive role played by the Delphic oracle is very strongly emphasized, through various narrative devices’[13] in this case Herodotus: ‘the oracle declared that he would found a community in Libya’[14]. It is ion this way that Herodotus is able to properly shed light on a crucial part of explaining the colonising process, making evident that it was foolhardy to go on an expedition without the expressed will of the gods ‘the importance attached to the god’s will is an integral part of a representational strategy [of a colony]’ states Giangiulio, extending this with ‘Cyrene represent themselves- it would seem –as a polies which stood high in Apollo’s favour’[15]. To conclude, there is no denying that Herodotus has his flaws in providing explanations for Greek colonisation. I am not pushing the argument that Herodotus is an infallible source on every case study he mentions either. What must be clear though after reading this essay is that Herodotus can be used with great effectiveness to inform us on the explanations of Greek colonisation. Simple guidelines can be fitted to reading his work that allow one to see past what modern minds would usually consider fantasy, but which can really help reveal the truth in many of the cases he does use. He supports three of the four reasons very strongly, and even if he does fall short in regards to land-hunger he more than makes up for it by placing huge emphasis on the importance of oracles and trading which must be considered the principal reason for explaining in the archaic period. Words: 1,961 [1] Dillon, Ancient Greece, 2000, Routledge, pp. 1 I have not looked at political consideration only due to my word count being limited to 2000, not through sloth or lack of interest. 2] Boardman, 1982, pp. 85 (Cambridge Ancient History) [3] Herodotus, 4. 108. [4] Herodotus, 4. 144 [5] Herodotus, 4. 159 [6] Herodotus, 2. 152-154, 178-181 [7] Herodotus, 4. 144 [8] 5. 94-95 [9] 4. 151 [10] 4. 151 [11] M. Giangiulio, Constructing the past: colonial traditions and the writing of history ‘the case of Cyrene’, in N. Luraghi The Historian’s Craft in the age of Herodotus, 2001, pp. 120 [12] H. Gehrke, Mythos, Geschicte, Politik-antik und modern, 1994 pp. 239-64 [13] M. Giangiulio, Constructing the past: colonial traditions and the writing of history ‘the case of Cyrene’, in N. Luraghi The Historian’s Craft in the age of Herodotus, 2001, pp. 117 [14] 4. 150 [15] M. Giangiulio, Constructing the past: colonial traditions and the writing of history ‘the case of Cyrene’, in N. Luraghi The Historian’s Craft in the age of Herodotus, 2001, pp. 118

Bipolar Disorder Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Depression

Bipolar Disorder Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Depression Bipolar Disorder Psyc 103 Fall 95 The phenomenon of bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that this affliction can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder; however, despite the abundance of people suffering from the it, we are still waiting for definite explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are painfully aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its? victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is imperative that we remain vigilant in the quest for explanations of its causes and treatment. Affective disorders are characterized by a smorgasbord of symptoms that can be broken into manic and depressive episodes. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despair that can become feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include anhedonia, disturbances in sleep and appetite, psycomoter retardation, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). Bipolar affective disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It is presented by both males and females. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania and depression. These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a pervasive sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, in concentrations and driving. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not (Goodwin, Guze, 1989, p 11). Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes experience a period of depression. Symptoms include elated, expansive, or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in reckless activities (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). Rarest symptoms were periods of loss of all interest and retardation or agitation (Weisman, 1991). As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA) has demonstrated, bipolar disorder can create substantial developmental delays, marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, and financial disasters. This devastating disease causes disruptions of families, loss of jobs and millions of dollars in cost to society. Many times bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as the individual ages. Many times bipolar states and psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. Speech patterns help distinguish between the two disorders (Lish, 1994). The onset of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. A typical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in their lifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience more episodes of mania and depression that succeed each other without a period of remission (DSM III-R). The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive (Hirschfeld, 1995). The hypomania state has led observers to feel that bipolar patients are "addicted" to their mania. Hypomania progresses into mania and the transition is marked by loss of judgment (Hirschfeld, 1995). Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin to manifest. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences delusions with often paranoid themes. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior manifests sometimes associated with violence (Hirschfeld, 1995). When both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time it is called a mixed episode. Those afflicted are a special risk because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety that makes them feel like they "could jump out of their skin"(Hirschfeld, 1995). Up to 50% of all patients with mania have a mixture of depressed moods. Patients report feeling dysphoric, depressed, and unhappy; yet, they exhibit the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania is another presentation of bipolar disorder. Mania may be present with four

The Culture War and Multiculturalism in Ishmeal Reeds Japanese by Essay - 1

The Culture War and Multiculturalism in Ishmeal Reeds Japanese by Spring - Essay Example 23. 1993).† Reed consequently touches on the careerist academics as he attacks them for their complicity in relation to the Ivory Towers that served as a sign of white supremacist structure of power. From the novel, it is apparent that there is need for persons from different cultures to become involved in order to enhance in integrating with each other. In his work, Reed presents Culture war as a tool that promotes multiculturalism because it serves as the cause of conflict among individuals from different cultural groups. The satire directed at these debates not only result from Reed’s success in presenting a stinging critique especially through an analysis of the Afro-Asian towards white supremacy as well as American imperialism. In an effective manner, the author portrays how individuals defending white Western view of history focused on trafficking everything in a revisionism manner as well as a â€Å"feel-good ethnocentrism† an approach used to attribute to multiculturalists. Based on the concepts that Ishmael Reed depicts, it is right to classify the novel as a â€Å"critical multiculturalism.† The term ‘critical multiculturalism’ serves as an indication that the piece of literature is out to expose fissures, tensions as well as possible contradictory demands resulting from multiple cultures as opposed to celebrating multiculturalism in an appreciative manner. Reeds goes further to dig deep in presenting the meaning of ‘culture war’ where he present s an absurd comic potential as he insists that the real wars of the 20th century that occurred in the U.S are similar to rhetoric of cultural wars. The opening paragraph of the literary material serves in presenting the creativity of the author through presentation of an effective examination of multiculturalism as well as academia to the later emphasis on

Pleas follow the assignment brief as it has all info thank you Essay

Pleas follow the assignment brief as it has all info thank you - Essay Example Also included in the statements are that smoking kills more than AIDS, car accidents, suicides, murder, drugs and alcohol combined and that second-hand smoke is responsible for 3,000 deaths per day. The environmental change in this case is the changing landscape of public opinion about tobacco companies. Another environmental change is that there has been more evidence about tobacco’s detrimental influence upon public health. A third environmental change is the increasing amount of evidence that tobacco companies have lied, for many years, to the public about the adverse effects of tobacco on the public health, and that they have also lied regarding the addictive nature of cigarettes. The impact of these environmental changes upon Phillip Morris, and other tobacco companies, is that cigarette smoking will become even less de rigueur than it already is. The anticipated impact upon these companies is that they will suffer some degree of public humiliation because of their previo us stances, and the fact that they previously lied to the public, and their sales will suffer accordingly. â€Å"Fox News Suddenly Loves Illegal Immigrants.† Business Week. Elizabeth Dwoskin. November 26, 2012. This article regards the changing environment on the Fox News Network in America. The changing environment is the 2012 Presidential and Congressional election. Before the Democrats won back the Presidency and the Senate, there was a general consensus in the Fox News Network, which is considered to be a conservative network, that there should not be a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants. However, in the 2012 election, President Obama won back the presidency with an overwhelming percentage of Hispanics. The theory is that the hard-line position that the Republicans have taken regarding illegal immigrants, which his that they are either to be deported, or they should self-deport, but, at any rate, they should not be offered a path to citizenship, is much of the rea son why Mitt Romney, the Republic nominee, lost the election. Because of this, Fox News has softened their stance on illegal immigration. This is how the evolving environment regarding illegal immigrants, and the election, has impacted Fox News. In this article, the changes at Fox News regarding illegal immigration is highlighted. For instance, Sean Hannity, who has his own show on Fox News, has recently stated that his own views regarding illegal immigrants has evolved – he now agrees that illegal immigrants should have a path to citizenship. The article notes that the previous position that Hannity has taken on the 11 million illegal immigrants in the United States is that deportation was the only option. The article also said that talking heads, like Hannity, are the main reason why there has not been immigration reform until now. â€Å"Conagra Sinks Its Teeth Into Growth Market.† Wall Street Journal. November 27, 2012. Miriam Gottfried. In this article, the changin g environmental influence is the higher price of food. Another changing environmental influence is that retailers, such as Wal-Mart and Costco increasingly rely upon private labels, which means that these stores, and other stores, sell products under their own line. For instance, Whole Foods sells 365 Brand, which is the

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Thermodynamics and fluids mechanics - Lab Report Example The corresponding force F, can be found by taking the moment about the pivot of the jockey. The distance y, is the position of the jockey. Momentum was found by multiplying Mass Flow Rate by the Velocity of the vane. As before, the corresponding force F, was found by taking the moment about the pivot of the jockey. The distance y, represents the position of the jockey. Similarly, Momentum = Mass Flow Rate multiplied by the Velocity of the vane. As before, the corresponding force F, was found by taking the moment about the pivot of the jockey. The distance y, represent the position of the jockey. Similarly, Momentum = Mass Flow Rate multiplied by the Velocity of the vane The only difference that is evident is only in the use of characters, otherwise, the formulas are just the same. U in the theory equation represents initial velocity just like the v in the experimental equation. While a represents the acceleration force (gravitational force) and s the distance covered (Cengel & Cimbala, 2009). The major difference between the theory and experiment performed is on the values obtained. For example, some values were not consistent as expected and while plotting the graph, the points were expected to be in a straight line, which was not the case. A line of best fit was drawn in order make the line straight. Inaccuracy of the graph and wrong data manipulation were due to some sources. The sources of errors could have been due to incorrect timing. When determining the time interval, it could have been difficult to determine the correct interval. Another source could have been due to the incorrect measurement of volume of water collected. This could have brought wrong Mass Flow Rate hence giving wrong Momentum. For the case of hemispherical vane, the velocity of the water jet leaving the vane was the same as that hitting it. From the data of the first trial, the velocity leaving was found to be

Black Or White To Kill A Mockingbird English Literature Essay

Black Or White To Kill A Mockingbird English Literature Essay Let us all hope that the dark clouds of racial prejudice will soon pass away, and that in some not too distant tomorrow the radiant stars of love and brotherhood will shine over our great nation with all their scintillating beauty   Martin Luther King, Jr. Racism is a strong element that is portrayed in Harper Lee s Pulitzer Prize winning novel To Kill a mocking bird. Harper lee was born in 1926 grew up in Monroeville (Alabama) and graduated from Alabama University. The book was published during the civil rights movement and exposed the dark elements of southern racist society.The story is set in Alabama, in the 1930. To kill a mocking bird deals with the moral teachings of a human being that is whether people are essentially good or evil. The book focuses to a large extent on a childs perspective in understanding the world. It clearly bridges a gap between a childs innocence and experience.Racism is a major theme of the novel. During that era, blacks were still highly dominated members of society. Blacks were not permitted to communicate with whites in public places, and there existed a clearly distinct black and white area of town. This research article deals with the concept, history and the major social issues related to Racism and racism in relation with To Kill a Mockingbird. The term racism is often used in a loose and unreflective way to describe the hostile or negative feeling towards another [1] .Racism has two major components -difference and power. It is not merely an attitude or set of beliefs but it also expresses itself in practices, institution, and structure that sense of deep difference justifies or validates. Racism has existed throughout human history.  It may be defined as the hatred of one person by another. Racism  is a word that can be defined in many different ways to people. To some, racism is a way of life, and to some, it is a repulsive term that represents closed or narrow mindedness. Racism comes from different cultural values, ethnic backgrounds, as well as the physical appearances. The conflict of racism occurs when the majority group of society feels that the different cultures and values of the minority group bring the change to the society. The United States of America, which brought people from all over the world, is stat ed as the land of opportunity and freedom, it is also the country that is famous for the racial discrimination. From the beginning of this country, there were conflicts with the Indians, slavery of blacks, and going against the people who immigrated there hoping to achieve their dream. Racism have been one of the most significant issues that people have been facing and fighting for, and is still occurring around us. Racism has killed and at the same time saved the people. It has killed the people as they have been discriminated in many ways. They have become the victims of the society. But in another point of view racism has saved the people, because through the discrimination, they have become stronger and confirmed about them. They have built the power to overcome the barrier of racism. Historically, almost every group of human beings who managed to cultivate a cultural identity did so partly by defining themselves as better than any other group, setting sharp boundaries to how mu ch they would interact with other groups (including intermarriage) and limits to how much of their resources and power they would share. Groups that were isolated by natural borders like the Klingit (Eskimo), native Caribbean tribes, and Australian aborigines did not have to develop traditions of hostility to strangers to protect their tribal identity. Natural obstacles provided all the hostility to invaders they needed; the people themselves could be generous and hospitable to the survivors, who often ended up absorbed into the tribe. Those with extremely strong cultural identities as, for example, Jews and Roma (gypsies) have been able to exist within other cultures without behaving with hostility, although they have often suffered hostilities. This behaviour has changed, however, in the rare times when such a group has found itself in a position of power. In Moorish Spain and in modern Israel, for example, Jews have demonstrated that they can be as violent as anyone else in defence of cultural identity persecuting heretic Jews as well as non-Jews. Racefirst appeared in the English language around the 17th century. North Americans began to use the term in their scientific writings by the late 18th century. Racism was developed and popularized by scientists in the 19th century, as they were regarded as the propagators of truth. At the time this ideology also explained political and economic conflicts in various parts of the world and legalised the dominant role of British in the world economic system. Racism is universal and is evident in many different racial and social groups. It is not limited to white groups. By the mid-19th century, there was general rule that the worlds population was divided into a variety of races: groups of people who shared similar attributes like skin colour. This process of race categorization is referred to as  racialization[2]  and is necessary for the emergence of racism as an ideology. Racism is a product of capitalism. It grew out of early capitalisms use of slaves for the plantations of the developed World, it was solidified in order to justify western and white domination of the rest of the world and it flourishes today as a means of dividing the working class between white and black, and native and immigrants. Racism is commonly assumed to be as old as society itself. However this does not stand up to historical examination. Racism is a particular form of oppression: discrimination against people on the grounds that some inherited characteristic, for example, skin colour, makes them inferior to their oppressors.According to the  United Nations  conventions, there is no distinction between the term  racial discrimination  and  ethnic  discrimination. PLIGHT OF THE AFRICAN AMERICANS   African Americans, who form a significant part of the American population were, and in some irregular cases, are subjected to tremendous discrimination. The  Civil War  fought in America was partly a movement to stand up to this unfair system but sadly racism continued to cast a gloomy shadow over the development of the American nation. The Europeans, who settled in America in the early 1600s brought along the African black population, whom they had enslaved. Slowly, as the white population settled and flourished in America, slavery rooted itself in the US. The period from 1619 to 1865, especially witnessed a tremendously racist America grossly harassing the African American masses. After the Civil War, one law after the other was drafted by the government which severely discriminated the black community. It was a sort of wicked competition amongst the states to inflicting misery against their own population. Massachusetts state legalized slavery in 1641 and was the first to do so in America[3]. The latter half of the 18th century witnessed a big turmoil in America, against the British. The issues of human rights and independence began to gain position and hampered the British policies, a lot of civil rights for the African Americans were considered. Many were even untied but the status of the blacks never improved, especially once the Americans gained an upper hand in their search for independence. Since the elections of 1868, the Democrats who openly advocated discrimination against the blacks, used violence, corruption and intimidation to stop them from voting. Similarly, the Ku Klux Klan, founded in 1867, as a secret organization terrorized the African Americans and the black population at large. The group indulged in brutally murdering the black community and anyone socially advocating their cause. For every 3 whites killed in the fight, 40-50 blacks were killed. This was the real situation, but one which was suppressed and in fact popularized as atrocities against whites, until the 20th century. TYPES OF RACISM Historical racismis based on inheritance and common decent. It identifies a population with a common origin in history, but not a population with a fixed biological character. It is also used to define nation states in Europe through national symbols, such as Nazi eagle, Aryan cross that believed in superiority of some nations over others. Scientific racismbelieves that we can all be characterized by race with certain physical traits, such as brain size, sloping forehead. There is a hierarchy of races and claims that biology determines intelligence. It states that some races need to civilize others providing a justification for colonialism Institutional racismaddresses those activities which are intended to protect the advantages of a dominant group and/or maintain or widen the unequal position of a subordinate group and certain structures in society that systematically discriminate against certain groups, such as apartheid in South Africa, Jim Crow laws in southern U.S. New Racismasserts that no longer does any biological notion indicate cultural or other inferiorities. New Racism is not necessarily an assumption of inferiority or superiority; it is the emergence of new expressions such as immigrants, integration, cultural values, hide the racist text in our culture. RACIAL VIOLENCE Racial violence differs from other forms of violence in that the root causes are to do with assumption of superiority and dislike of other people who are deemed to be inferior because of their identity, ethnic origin, nationality, national origins or descent; and because of their appearance and physical characteristics such as colour, language and dress. These are natural and normal attributes, and any attack on them is an attack of the very core of ones essence as a human being and as a member of the human race. Racial violence manifests itself in many ways. In serious cases it involves physical assault, arson, stabbing, rape, murder, attempted murder, and genocide. Throughout the course of time, many a time racism has played an important role in shaping the history of the world. It has been a problem of the pre-modern world and continues to be a problem and a dilemma in the post-modern world. This problem is not something that can be solved by any number of discussions and debates held all around the world. As long as ethnic and individual differences in people exist, racism will continue to exist. It is not something that we can rid ourselves of. But instead what we can do is prevent it from becoming an issue over which the world gets divided to the point of no return. And also an acceptance in people of each others uniqueness is something that will help tone down the great adverse effects of racism. Racial Prejudice Racial prejudice is an insidious moral and social disease affecting peoples and populations all over the world. It is diagnosed by the cataloguing of its various symptoms and manifestations which include fear, intolerance, separation, segregation, discrimination, and hatred. While all of these symptoms of racial prejudice may be manifest, the single underlying cause of racial prejudice is ignorance. Racial prejudice perverts this uniqueness of the races and takes the view that these differences separate individuals further into groups, with one group being inferior to the other. Racial prejudice affects everyone. Inasmuch as racial prejudice manifests itself in that people are pre-judged based on superficial characteristics, we must honestly conclude that all people suffer from this on various levels. These ideas have been formed from society, media, and our own upbringing.  Maybe these ideas have been taught directly or indirectly, acted out by ones parents. Whatever the source, e ven the most enlightened member of a society will find that to some extent, he or she is judging another based on the superficial aspects of race. Racial prejudice has shaped the form of our present day societies; indeed, prejudice has shaped societies since time began. To counteract the disease of racial prejudice, modern-day societies have drafted and enacted legislation to ensure that people treat each other with respect and dignity allowing one another their inalienable right to their pursuit of life and liberty. While mans actions can be legislated, their hearts and fears cannot. Thus, society continues to suffer from the disease. Forums, coalitions, and initiatives continue to be formed to foster unity, understanding, and tolerance. Racism can only be stopped if all human races realized that we are all equal and that colours are only skin deep. Racism can have very simple solution; unfortunately it is complicated because of how one race discriminate others will cause both of the races to discriminate each other. For example, black people were being slaved during the 1800s and because of this, white people think that black people are inferior to them. During the 1900s many white people came to realize that black people are also human being and that they should treat them the same. This might seem like a happy ending but in reality, racism didnt fade because by then black people had hate white people and they think that white people is their enemy because of how they were treated. Therefore, I believed that the only solution to racism is an understanding among races that everybody is equal. In conclusion, racism is a very important issue in United States. Racism is born when a certain people or organization feel that they are superior compared to other races. There are many historic figures that try to stop racism such as Martin Luther King JR and Malcolm X. RACISM in To kill a mocking bird To kill a mocking bird represents a major element of social inequality bringing out one of the most important themes of the novel that is Racism. Differences in social status are expressed through the overcomplicated social hierarchy of Maycomb, the blacks and the whites that continuously baffle the children. Atticuss family stood near the top of Maycombs social hierarchy, with most of the townspeople beneath them. These rigid social divisions that make up so much of the adult world are revealed The title of  To Kill a Mockingbird  has very little literal connection to the plot, but it carries a great deal of symbolic weight in the book. In this story of innocents destroyed by evil, the mockingbird comes to represent the idea of innocence. Thus, to kill a mockingbird is to destroy innocence. Throughout the book, a number of characters (Jem, Tom Robinson, Dill, Boo Radley, Mr. Raymond) can be identified as mockingbirds-innocents who have been injured or destroyed through contact w ith evil. This connection between the novels title and its main theme is made explicit several times in the novel: after Tom Robinson is shot, Mr. Underwood compares his death to the senseless slaughter of songbirds, and at the end of the book Scout thinks that hurting Boo Radley would be like shootin a mockingbird. Most important, Miss Maudie explains to Scout: Mockingbirds dont do one thing but . . . sing their hearts out for us. Thats why its a sin to kill a mockingbird. That Jem and Scouts last name is Finch (another type of small bird) indicates that they are particularly vulnerable in the racist world of Maycomb, which often treats the fragile innocence of childhood harshly. In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, racism, evil, prejudice or discrimination are present throughout the whole book. Racism affects many characters in the book and causes dreadful events to happen. Harper Lee illustrates her strong opinion on racism through view of a little girl, Scout (narrator), growing up in a small, southern community, Maycomb. Illustrating the story in a first person point of view, especially in situations like the trial, help one understand a childs point of view in order to understand the feelings of the little girl better. While growing up, Scout learns to take a positive view of the African-Americans in society. This is shown with the relationship with her maid, Calpurnia. However, this view contradicts the views of the other children living in her area. The other children her ages have adopted their ancestors prejudiced views, such as Cecil Jacobs announcing that Scout Finchs daddy defended niggers. Another example is when Aunt Alexandria forbids Scout to play with Walter Cunningham because she sees them as good folks, but not our kind of folks. Unlike most of the other characters in the book, Scout doesnt let things like race or wealth clouds her judgment of people. Tom Robinson losing his case, the prejudice against Atticus, and the church incident concerning Jem Scout are all directly related to racism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discrimination appears everywhere inside To Kill a Mockingbird, for example; Tom Robinson lost his case and got sentenced to life in prison, because he was black. The jury was very biased on this matter and so the result was inevitable. Even during the beginning of the trial, everything was a lie. Mr. Ewells face grew scarlet. He stood up and pointed his finger at Tom Robinson. -I seen that black nigger yonder ruttin on my Mayell'[4] Lee uses the word scarlet to show that Mr. Ewell was feeling angry at Atticus for contradicting him, yet was feeling guilty for telling a lie. Following his false accusation, Mr. Ewell exploded towards Tom and Atticus to reinforce his false statement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Similarly, Atticus defending Toms innocence earned him continuous discrimination from local townspeople and even from his own family. His battle for justice caused more problems for Scout. She is continued defending him but the racist remarks did not stop. These remarks just showed how cruel children can be to other children. She feels the need to defend her father to Francis, her cousin. He was also taunting her with accusations: At a safe distance her called, `Hes nothin but a nigger-lover. The force of racism had disrupted their lives, especially Scouts, through the old fashioned and discriminative opinions of the younger residents of Maycomb.     Ã‚   When Atticus decides to defend Robinson, he is cursed at by being called a nigger-lover by many people, including his nephew. Francis, what the hell do you mean?/ Just what I said. Grandma says its bad enough he lets you run wild, but now he turned out to be a nigger-lover.'[6] Atticus suffers every deep blow, being told that some of his family members dont support him. This indirect racism comes only from the equality that Atticus treats any enemy person with. Racism is the ultimate injustice to any person. Furthermore, there is another event supporting the idea of racism in To Kill a Mockingbird. It is when Jem and Scout go to Calpurnias church. There, they encounter discrimination with every step they take! I [Lula] want to know why you bringin white chillun to nigger church. [5] When Lula asks this, she says it with contempt. Harper Lee uses racism in both directions, whites to blacks, and blacks to whites. So, it implies that both are to blame for discrimination. Lula was trying to feel a sense of pride in having a black church to go to, and now, for her, it was like Jem and Scout came stampeding over that pride by entering the doors. Jem and Scout obviously felt that they did not belong and wanted to go home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most important theme of  Mockingbird  remains the notion of prejudice in all of its forms.   Clearly, with the Tom Robinson case, Lees characters deal with racial prejudice head on.   References to black men as niggers and boys persist throughout the book.   Black people occupy the lowest class level of Maycomb society as Maycombs white population of every class waste no time reinforcing their rigid class rules.   In To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, racism permeates every idea and inch of this book from the loss of Robinsons trial, the discrimination against Atticus, and the contempt for Jem and Scout. Racism affected everyone in this book whether they noticed it or not. This book is a warning sign, telling the word to take off its blindfold and to start seeing people for who they are. RELATED BOOK A Tree Grows in Brooklyn  is a novel by Betty Smith published in 1943. It relates the coming-of-age story of its main character, Francie Nolan, and her Austrian/Irish-American family in Williamsburg, New York City. The novel is set in the first and second decades of the 20th century.A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is a defacto novel. Although a dense novel, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is widely read by adolescents. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is a naturalist novel and carries social realism of Racism to an extreme in depicting the rough lives of the characters. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn  cannot be separated from class issues. Nearly every anecdote, character, and chapter represents or addresses the problem of poverty in early twentieth-century America. Being poor means that the characters constantly must think of being poor-how they will buy the next loaf of bread, or what ones house or neighbourhood looks like compared to another. Smith shows that poverty does not only imply the absence of food, heat, or comfort. Poverty results in Johnnys worthlessness and death, causes Uncle Flittman to run away, and means that Francie cannot attend high school. Every activity, game, action is planned around a limited pool of resources. In addition to the Nolans life, Smith presents an entire poor community, and shows the close connection between poverty and exploitation. Store proprietors take advantage of childrens innocence to lure money out of them; piano teachers beg for tea from their students. Smiths sympathetic treatment of her characters that p overty itself is the evil-not the people. Like the tree man, people just need to think first of their own families and children. The author often juxtaposes the lower class with people of privilege to further develop this theme. Although having money makes for an easier life, in many cases, the most lovable characters in the book are impoverished, or come from a poor background. The rich doctor reigns as a villain in the book; the charity event is exposed as self-righteous and hurtful. By the end of the book, Neely and Francie pity Laurie for growing up without any hardship, saying that she will never have as much fun as they did. Like the tree, the author seems to be saying, she likes poor people. CONCLUSION Hence Racism is the belief that characteristics and abilities can be attributed to people simply on the basis of their race and that some racial groups are superior to others. Racism and discrimination have been used and will always be a powerful weapons encouraging fear or hatred of others in times of conflict and war, and even during economic downturns. The most important theme of  To Kill a Mockingbird  is the books exploration of the moral nature of human beings-that is, whether people are essentially good or essentially evil. The novel approaches this question by dramatizing Scout and Jems transition from a perspective of childhood innocence, in which they assume that people are good because they have never seen evil, to a more adult perspective, in which they have confronted evil and must incorporate it into their understanding of the world. As a result of this portrayal of the transition from innocence to experience, one of the books important subthemes involves the threat that hatred, prejudice, and ignorance pose to the innocent: people such as Tom Robinson and Boo Radley are not prepared for the evil that they encounter, and, as a result, they are destroyed. Even Jem is victimized to an extent by his discovery of the evil of racism during and after the trial. Whereas Scout is able to maintain her basic faith in human nat ure despite Toms conviction, Jems faith in justice and in humanity is badly damaged, and he retreats into a state of disillusionment. The moral voice of  To Kill a Mockingbird  is embodied by Atticus Finch, who is virtually unique in the novel in that he has experienced and understood evil without losing his faith in the human capacity for goodness. Atticus understands that, rather than being simply creatures of good or creatures of evil, most people have both good and bad qualities. The important thing is to appreciate the good qualities and understand the bad qualities by treating others with sympathy and trying to see life from their perspective. He tries to teach this ultimate moral lesson to Jem and Scout to show them that it is possible to live with conscience without losing hope or becoming cynical. In this way, Atticus is able to admire Mrs. Duboses courage even while deploring her racism. Scouts progress as a character in the novel is defined by her gradual development toward understanding Atticuss lessons, culminating when, in the final chapters, Scout at last sees Boo Radley as a human being. Her new found ability to view the world from his perspective ensures that she will not become jaded as she loses her innocence. Hence through this research article it can be seen how the evil element of our society. Racism has not only affected our society but in an abstract ideological manner but also warped the very mind-frames of the people at large. Racism has been and will always exist in the social strata killing and saving people and in its very nature contradicting itself. [1] Racism in the world by Herbert Cole pg. 5 [2]Change in Racism by Chris Heath pg. 104 [3]Slavery in America-History by John Fricke [4] To kill a mockingbird by Harper Lee pg. 196 [5] To kill a mockingbird by Harper Lee pg. 135 [6] To kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee pg. 94   HYPERLINK http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/racismRacismHYPERLINK http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/racism. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. HYPERLINK http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCEParams=A1ARTA0006636RacismHYPERLINK http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCEParams=A1ARTA0006636.  The Canadian Encyclopaedia. Canadian Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2010-07-23. Racism was developed and popularized by scientists in the 19th century, as they were regarded as propagators of truth. Wellman, David T. (1993).  Portraits of White Racism.